Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the same family as smallpox. The illness primarily spreads through close contact with infected individuals, animals, or contaminated materials, including bedding or clothing. After exposure, symptoms typically appear within 5 to 21 days, beginning with fever, headache, muscle aches, back pain, swollen lymph nodes, chills, and fatigue. These early signs can resemble other viral infections, which sometimes delays diagnosis. As the infection progresses, a distinctive rash develops, often starting on the face and then spreading to other parts of the body such as the hands, feet, genitals, chest, and mouth. The rash evolves in stages, from flat red spots to raised bumps, then blisters, pustules, and finally scabs, which usually heal within two to four weeks.
The transmission of Mpox occurs mainly through direct skin-to-skin contact with the lesions, contact with bodily fluids, or prolonged respiratory droplet exposure. Sexual contact has been documented as a mode of spread in recent outbreaks, though it is not the only route. Human-to-animal and animal-to-human transmission is also possible, especially through infected rodents or primates. Because the virus can survive on contaminated objects, indirect transmission via clothing, bedding, or towels used by an infected person is a recognized risk. Outbreaks tend to be contained when early identification, isolation, and hygiene measures are implemented, but the contagious period lasts until all lesions have crusted over and the scabs have fallen off.
Prevention focuses on minimizing close contact with infected individuals and maintaining strict hygiene. Handwashing, avoiding sharing personal items, and wearing protective clothing when caring for someone who is infected can reduce the risk of transmission. Vaccination is available in some countries for high-risk groups, including healthcare workers and those exposed during outbreaks. Most cases of Mpox are mild, and fatal outcomes are rare, particularly in previously healthy individuals. Early medical consultation is important for anyone who develops an unexplained rash accompanied by fever or swollen lymph nodes, as timely care helps prevent further spread and allows proper monitoring of the infection.
